Topic 0 · Programming Fundamentals (Python)

Chapter 4 · Testing & exam practice

📋 Reference · always available

Test case

Specific input + expected output. Cover normal, boundary, erroneous.

Boundary

Edges of valid range (0, MAX, empty, full). Off-by-one bugs hide here.

Black-box

Tests behaviour from outside — only inputs/outputs.

White-box

Tests internals — code coverage, every branch.

Debug method

Reproduce → isolate → hypothesise → fix → re-test (don't skip the last).